Glossary

Relating to genes; the term indicates something inherited, this can include a pre-disposition to certain diseases.

The Human Genome Project has identified all the human genes carried on the chromosomes. The Human Genome Sequence affects, among other things, an individuals response to disease and particular medicines.

A condition in which men develop enlargement of the breast tissue behind the nipple. Common in pubertal boys and older men, it can be caused by many common medications. In 90% of teenage boys, it tends to resolve itself within two years. The condition normally requires investigation to exclude breast cancer.

Hamartomas are an uncommon benign breast lesion composed of variable amounts of adipose, glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually asymptomatic but may be palpable. Most occur in women over 35. A confident diagnosis can be made on mammography when the lesion has a classical appearance.

A localised collection of blood usually clotted, in an organ, space or tissue.

A test to determine HER2 protein levels to determine whether the cancer may respond to drugs called monoclonal antibodies.

A drug used in treating breast cancer which acts by blocking certain growth receptors (known as HER-2) on the surface of tumour cells. Only 20% – 25% of women will be sensitive to Herceptin. It also helps the bodys immune system to destroy breast cancer cells.

A doctor, who specialises in looking at tissues using a microscope.

The assessment of tissues under a microscope to look for abnormalities.

A protein on a cell’s surface that attracts a particular hormone and uses it to help the cell grow.

A test to discover whether breast cancer cells are sensitive to oestrogen and progesterone to determine whether hormone therapy is an appropriate treatment.

A breast reconstruction carried out immediately following a total mastectomy under the same anaesthetic.

A type of fibroadenoma in which the connective tissue is much more prominent and compresses the ductal element.

A benign epithelial tumour occurring within the breast ducts. It can cause nipple discharge which may be blood stained.

A rare genetic condition, in which affected men have an extra female chromosome. They may have an increased susceptibility to breast cancer.

A pre-malignant (pre-cancerous) condition which develops in the lobules of the breast. Patients with this condition require careful monitoring.

An ultrasound investigation to determine whether the cancer has spread to the liver.

Guidance by a Consultant Radiologist for a Consultant Breast Surgeon by use of a wire placement or skin marking prior to surgery to remove an impalpable abnormality.

The surgical removal of a lump in the breast.

The accumulation of lymph fluid in the arm leading to arm swelling.

The medical term for cancerous. It is used to describe a tumour, which has the potential to grow quickly and spread.